Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources
First edition.. - Amsterdam, Netherlands: Megan R. Ball, [2024]
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Bibliografie, Sammelwerk, Elektronische Ressource
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Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources combines concepts of renewable energy integration into power systems with real-world case studies to bridge the gap between theory and implementation. The book examines the challenges and solutions for renewable energy integration into the transmission and distribution grids, and also provides information on design, analysis, and operation. Starting with an introduction to renewable energy sources and bulk power systems, including policies and frameworks for grid upgradation, the book then provides forecasting, modeling and analysis techniques for renewable energy sources. Subsequent chapters discuss grid code requirements and compliance, before presenting a detailed breakdown of solar and wind integration into power systems. Other topics such as voltage control and optimization, power quality enhancement, and stability control are also considered.
Intro -- Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Introduction to renewable energy sources and bulk power system -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Framework and policies for achieving 100% renewable in the bulk power system -- 1.1.2. Forecasting of renewable energy sources -- 1.1.3. Modeling and analysis of renewable energy sources -- 1.1.4. Power electronics interface for renewable energy integration into power systems -- 1.1.5. Grid code requirements and compliance -- 1.1.6. Solar PV integration into bulk power systems -- 1.1.7. Wind integration into bulk power systems -- 1.1.8. Volt/VAR control and optimization -- 1.1.9. Reactive power management -- 1.1.10. Power quality enhancement -- 1.1.11. Stability control and enhancement -- 1.1.12. Energy storage system for bulk power systems -- 1.1.13. Demand response and its impact on bulk power systems -- 1.1.14. Electric vehicle charging, demand response and its impact on bulk power systems -- 1.2. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Forecasting of renewable energy sources -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.1.1. Forecast error -- 2.2. Types of forecasting models -- 2.3. Types of forecasting interval -- 2.4. Forecasting techniques -- 2.5. Need for forecasting -- 2.6. General forecasting model -- 2.6.1. Supervised machine learning -- 2.6.2. Unsupervised machine learning -- 2.7. Renewable power forecasting -- 2.7.1. Wind power forecasting -- 2.7.2. Forecasting solar photovoltaic generation -- 2.8. Challenges in forecasting -- 2.9. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 3: Solar PV integration into bulk power systems -- 3.1. Introduction to solar inverters -- 3.1.1. Solar PV system using string inverters -- 3.1.2. Solar PV system using central inverters.
3.1.3. Solar PV system using micro-inverters -- 3.2. Technical challenges of integrating solar PV systems into the power grid -- 3.2.1. Islanding -- 3.2.2. Detection and tracing -- 3.2.3. Measurement and communications -- 3.2.4. Power quality -- 3.2.5. Codes and standards -- 3.3. Technical difficulties of grid integration of large-scale PV systems -- 3.3.1. Reactive power regulation -- 3.3.2. Problems with grid system stability -- 3.3.3. Voltage stability -- 3.3.4. Stability of rotor angle -- 3.3.5. Frequency stability -- 3.4. Grid short circuit ratio -- 3.5. Technical solutions to the above challenges -- 3.6. FACTS devices -- 3.7. Harmonic filters -- 3.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Wind integration into bulk power systems -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Wind turbines classification -- 4.2.1. Size -- 4.2.2. Inclination of spin axis -- 4.2.2.1. Wind turbines with the vertical spin axis -- 4.2.2.2. Wind turbines with the horizontal spin axis -- 4.2.3. Aerodynamic power controls -- 4.2.3.1. Stall control -- 4.2.3.2. Pitch control -- 4.3. Power output -- 4.4. Wind energy conversion system -- 4.5. Types of WECS -- 4.5.1. Standalone WECS -- 4.5.2. Grid connected WECS -- 4.5.2.1. Fixed speed wind turbine system -- 4.5.2.2. Variable speed wind turbine system -- VSWT with full-scale power electronic converters -- VSWT with partial scale power electronic converters -- 4.6. Maximum power harvesting from the wind -- 4.6.1. Tip speed ratio control -- 4.6.2. Power signal feedback control -- 4.6.3. Optimum torque control -- 4.6.4. Hill climbing algorithm -- 4.7. Power electronic converters control -- 4.7.1. Control of converter at generator side -- 4.7.2. Control of converter at grid side -- 4.8. Technical challenges -- 4.8.1. Reactive power control -- 4.8.2. Voltage fluctuation -- 4.8.3. Harmonic distortion -- 4.8.4. Synchronization.
4.8.5. Fault ride through -- 4.8.6. Grid codes -- 4.9. Case studies -- 4.9.1. Steady-state investigations -- 4.9.2. Dynamic behavior investigation -- References -- Chapter 5: Grid interconnection standards, grid code requirements and compliance for renewable integration -- 5.1. Introduction to grid codes and standards -- 5.2. Necessities of good grid codes -- 5.3. Technical requirements of grid codes -- 5.4. Grid code compliance and modifications -- 5.5. Modern grid codes for 100% renewable energy source operation -- 5.6. Conclusion and summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Volt/var control and optimization -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Volt/var control -- 6.2.1. Objective function -- 6.2.2. Equality constraints -- 6.2.3. Inequality constraints -- 6.2.3.1. Control variables -- Bus voltage limits -- Transformer taps limits -- Capacitor bank limits -- 6.2.3.2. State variables limits -- 6.2.3.3. Renewable constraints -- Wind constraints -- PV constraints -- 6.3. Equipment's for voltage control -- 6.3.1. Synchronous generators -- 6.3.2. Shunt capacitors -- 6.3.3. Shunt reactor -- 6.3.4. On load tap changing transformer -- 6.3.5. FACTS devices -- 6.3.6. Distributed generation -- 6.4. Optimization techniques -- 6.4.1. Conventional optimization techniques -- 6.4.2. Nonconventional techniques -- 6.4.2.1. Evolutionary programming -- 6.4.2.2. Genetic algorithm -- 6.4.2.3. Particle swarm optimization -- 6.5. Artificial gorilla troops optimizer -- 6.5.1. Initialization -- 6.5.2. Exploration -- 6.5.3. Exploitation -- 6.5.3.1. Follow the silverback -- 6.5.3.2. Competition for adult females -- 6.5.4. Pseudocode of AGTO -- 6.6. Case studies -- 6.6.1. Transmission system -- 6.6.1.1. Result analysis -- 6.6.1.2. Comparison of the result -- 6.6.2. Distribution system -- 6.7. Techno-economic solution -- 6.8. Conclusion and future scope -- References.
Chapter 7: Power quality improvements for renewable power plants -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Major drivers of power quality issues -- 7.3. Classification of power quality issues -- 7.4. Time independent events -- 7.4.1. Harmonics and inter-harmonics -- 7.4.1.1. Evaluation metric for harmonics -- 7.4.1.1.1. Individual harmonic distortion (IHD) -- 7.4.1.1.2. Total harmonic distortion (THD) -- 7.4.1.1.3. Total demand distortion (TDD) -- 7.4.1.1.4. Total rated-current distortion (TRD) -- 7.4.1.2. Impact due to harmonics -- 7.4.1.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.4.1.3.1. Passive filters -- 7.4.1.3.2. Active filters -- 7.4.2. Flicker -- 7.4.2.1. Evaluation metric for flicker -- 7.4.2.2. Impact due to flicker -- 7.4.2.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.4.3. Notching -- 7.4.3.1. Evaluation metric for notching -- 7.4.3.2. Impact due to notching -- 7.4.3.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.4.4. Noise -- 7.4.4.1. Evaluation metric for noise -- 7.4.4.2. Impact due to noise -- 7.4.4.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.4.5. DC Offset -- 7.4.5.1. Impact due to DC Offset -- 7.4.5.2. Mitigation measures -- 7.4.6. Voltage imbalance -- 7.4.6.1. Evaluation metric for voltage imbalance -- 7.4.6.2. Impact due to voltage imbalance -- 7.4.6.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.5. Time-dependent events -- 7.5.1. Short-duration event -- 7.5.1.1. Classification -- 7.5.1.2. Impact due to short-duration event -- 7.5.1.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.5.2. Long-duration event -- 7.5.2.1. Classification -- 7.5.2.2. Impact due to long-duration event -- 7.5.2.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.5.3. Transient event -- 7.5.3.1. Classification -- 7.5.3.2. Impact due to transient event -- 7.5.3.3. Mitigation measures -- 7.6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Stability control and enhancement -- 8.1. Introduction to power system stability -- 8.1.1. Power system stability with 100% renewable energy.
8.2. Power system voltage stability -- 8.2.1. Classification of voltage stability -- 8.2.2. Voltage collapse -- 8.2.3. Causes of voltage instability -- 8.2.4. Effect of voltage instability -- 8.3. Voltage stability assessment -- 8.3.1. Voltage stability margin -- 8.3.2. Voltage stability indices -- 8.3.2.1. Importance of indices of voltage stability -- 8.3.3. Summary -- 8.4. Power system stability enhancement methodology with 100% renewable energy -- 8.4.1. Retaining power system stability with 100% renewable energy -- 8.4.2. Voltage stability enhancement -- 8.4.2.1. Mitigation of voltage instability -- 8.4.2.2. Necessity for voltage stability improvement -- 8.4.2.3. Methods used to improve the voltage stability -- 8.4.3. Techno-economic solution -- 8.5. Example: Voltage stability assessment -- 8.5.1. Weak area identification of the power system -- 8.5.2. Algorithm for estimation of weak area using VSI -- 8.5.3. Loading scenarios -- 8.5.4. Simulation results and discussions -- 8.5.4.1. Weakest bus identification -- 8.5.4.2. Weakest line identification -- 8.5.5. Summary -- 8.6. Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 9: AC grid modeling in power electronics-based power systems for eigenvalue stability studies -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. AC line models in power system stability studies -- 9.2.1. Phasor or RMS simplification -- 9.2.2. Constant parameter approximation -- 9.2.3. Frequency-dependent (FD) state-space models -- 9.3. Comparison of different line models -- 9.4. AC grid modeling of large interconnected power systems -- 9.4.1. Hybrid network modeling -- 9.4.2. Prospects and considerations -- 9.5. Summary -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 10: Analysis and mitigation of subsynchronous resonance in VSC-HVDC-based offshore wind farms -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Types of SSR, analysis, and mitigation methods.
Titel: |
Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources
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Verantwortlichkeitsangabe: | Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Sharmeela Chenniappan, and Sivaraman Palanisamy, editors |
Autor/in / Beteiligte Person: | Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban (1978-) [editor.] ; Chenniappan, Sharmeela (1977-) [editor.] ; Palanisamy, Sivaraman (1991-) [editor.] |
Lokaler Link: | |
Ausgabe: | First edition. |
Veröffentlichung: | Amsterdam, Netherlands: Megan R. Ball, [2024] |
Medientyp: | Bibliografie, Sammelwerk |
Datenträgertyp: | Elektronische Ressource |
Umfang: | 1 online resource (0 pages) |
ISBN: | 0-443-15579-8 |
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