Energy efficient spectrum resources usage in WPANs: IEEE 802.15.4 MAC sub-layer protocols

This research reveals the importance of an appropriate design for the MAC sub-layer protocol for the desired WSN application. Depending on the mission of the WSN application, different protocols are required. Therefore, the overall performance of a WSN application certainly depends on the development and application of suitable e.g., MAC.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Acronyms -- List of Symbols -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1: Motivation -- 1.2: Challenges and Approach -- 1.3: Structure of the Book -- Chapter 2: Medium Access Control and Physical Layers in WSNs -- 2.1: Protocol Stack for WSNs -- 2.2: Other Protocol Stacks for WSNs -- 2.3: Evolution of the IEEE 802 Standards -- 2.4: IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee -- 2.5: IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer -- 2.5.1: IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types and Roles -- 2.5.2: IEEE 802.15.4 Network Topologies -- 2.5.3: IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications -- 2.5.4: IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Packet Structure -- 2.6: IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Sub-layer -- 2.6.1: IEEE 802.15.4 Beacon-Enabled - Star topology -- 2.6.2: IEEE 802.15.4 Non-Beacon-Enabled - Star topology -- 2.6.3: SuperFrame Structure -- 2.6.4: IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frames and CSMA/CA mechanism -- 2.7: Taxonomy for Medium Access Control Protocols -- 2.7.1: Survey on Unscheduled MAC protocols -- 2.7.2: Survey on Scheduled MAC protocols -- 2.7.3: Survey on Hybrid MAC protocols -- 2.7.4: Survey on QoS MAC protocols: EQ-MAC -- 2.7.5: Survey on Cross-Layer MAC protocols: MERLIN -- 2.7.6: Survey on Multiple based MAC protocols: 1-hop MAC -- 2.8: Classification of MAC Protocols Characteristics -- 2.9: Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Further Insights into the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard -- 3.1: Physical Layer -- 3.1.1: Channel Assignment -- 3.1.2: Carrier Sense -- 3.1.3: Received Signal Strength Indication -- 3.1.4: Clear Channel Assessment -- 3.2: Medium Access Control Sub-layer -- 3.2.1: MAC frames -- 3.2.2: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance -- 3.2.3: Non-beacon-enabled operation -- 3.2.4: Beacon-enabled operation -- 3.2.5: Hidden and Exposed terminal problems.

3.2.6: Coexistence in the 2.4 GHz ISM band -- Chapter 4: Scheduled Channel Polling MAC Protocol -- 4.1: Context and Motivation -- 4.2: Two-Phase Scheduled Channel Polling Mechanism -- 4.3: Synchronization Phase -- 4.4: State Transition Diagram for SCP -- 4.5: Implementation of the SCP Simulation Framework -- 4.5.1: SCP Simulator Parameters and General Definitions -- 4.5.2: SCP Simulator Layer Modes -- 4.6: Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Performance Evaluation of the SCP-MAC Protocol -- 5.1: Single-hop Performance Results -- 5.1.1: Power Consumption without Piggyback and Periodic Traffic -- 5.1.2: Power Consumption with Piggyback and Periodic Traffic -- 5.1.3: Throughput Performance with Heavy Traffic Load -- 5.2: Multi-hop Energy Efficiency - Linear Chain Scenario -- 5.3: Lifetime Analysis with piggyback (Periodic Traffic) -- 5.4: Performance Analysis of a Two-Phase Contention Scheme -- 5.4.1: Motivation for Using Two Contention Windows -- 5.4.2: Overview for the Saturated Regime -- 5.4.3: Overview for the Unsaturated Regime -- 5.4.4: Stochastic Collision Probability Model for the Saturated Regime -- 5.4.5: Stochastic Collision Probability Model for the Unsaturated Regime -- 5.4.6: Simulation Scenario -- 5.4.7: χ2 Test in the unsaturated traffic regime -- 5.4.8: Discussion of the Results -- 5.5: Service Time and Throughput Theoretical Model for a Two- Phase Contention Window Mechanism -- 5.5.1: Stochastic Service Time and Throughput Model for the Saturated Regime -- 5.5.2: Simulation and Analytical Results Comparison -- 5.5.3: Summary and Conclusions -- 5.6: Simulation of SCP in the Context of IEEE 802.15.4 -- 5.6.1: IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant -- 5.6.2: Comparison between IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant and IEEE 802.15.4 Absence -- 5.6.3: Summary and Conclusions -- 5.7: Final Remarks.

Chapter 6: MAC Sub-layer Protocols Employing RTS/CTS with Frame Concatenation -- 6.1: Introduction -- 6.2: Motivation -- 6.3: Design Considerations for IEEE 802.15.4 Nonbeacon-Enabled Mode -- 6.3.1: PHY Layer -- 6.3.2: MAC Sub-layer -- 6.3.3: Analytical Model for the Maximum Throughput and Minimum Delay -- 6.4: IEEE 802.15.4 with Frame Concatenation -- 6.4.1: IEEE 802.15.4 with RTS/CTS Combined with Frame Concatenation -- 6.4.2: Proposed Scheme Design with Block ACK Request -- 6.4.3: Proposed Scheme Design without Block ACK Request -- 6.5: State Transition Diagram for IEEE 802.15.4 and SBACK-MAC -- 6.6: Model for Energy Estimation -- 6.7: Performance Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 in the Presence/Absence -- 6.7.1: Minimum Average Delay in the Presence and Absence of RTS/CTS -- 6.7.2: Maximum Average Throughput in the Presence and Absence of RTS/CTS -- 6.7.3: Bandwidth Efficiency in the Presence and Absence of RTS/CTS -- 6.8: Performance Evaluation for SBACK-MAC -- 6.9: Minimum Average Delay -- 6.10: Maximum Average Throughput -- 6.11: Summary -- 6.12: Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Multi-Channel-Scheduled Channel Polling Protocol -- 7.1: Motivation -- 7.2: Main States of the MC-SCP Protocol -- 7.2.1: Startup State -- 7.2.2: Synchronization State -- 7.2.3: Discovery-Addition State -- 7.2.4: Medium Access State and Algorithm -- 7.3: Fundamentals of the Protocol -- 7.3.1: Enhanced-Two Phase Contention Window Mechanism -- 7.3.2: Frame Structure -- 7.3.3: Denial Channel List -- 7.3.4: Frame Capture Effect -- 7.3.5: Node Topology and Envisaged Real-World Scenarios -- 7.3.6: Extra Resolution Phase Decision Algorithm -- 7.4: State Transition Diagram and Description -- 7.5: Simulation Results for the MC-SCP-MAC Protocol -- 7.5.1: Collision Probabilities -- 7.5.2: Energy Efficiency per Delivered Frame -- 7.5.3: Collision Probability Performance.

7.5.4: Energy Efficiency with Multiple Slot Channels and Contention Window Sizes -- 7.5.5: Influential Range Concept and Energy Performance Evaluation -- 7.5.6: Impact of Traffic Periodic and Exponential Patterns in the Overall Performance -- 7.5.7: Impact of the Density of Nodes -- 7.5.8: Performance Analysis in the Cluster Topology -- 7.5.9: Fairness Index Evaluation for the Throughput -- 7.6: Enhancements to be implemented in MC-SCP-MAC -- 7.7: Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research -- 8.1: Conclusions -- 8.2: Suggestions for Future Work -- A: IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Layer -- A.1: IEEE 802.15.4 Country Regulations -- A.2: IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands -- A.3: IEEE 802.15.4 Data Rates -- A.4: IEEE 802.15.4 Network Topologies -- A.4.1: IEEE 802.15.4 Star Topology -- A.4.2: IEEE 802.15.4 Peer-to-peer Topology -- A.4.3: IEEE 802.15.4 Cluster Tree Topology -- A.5: IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications -- A.5.1: Receiver Energy Detection -- A.5.2: Link Quality Indication (LQI) -- A.5.3: Carrier Sense (CS) -- A.5.4: Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) -- A.5.5: Channel Selection -- A.6: IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Frame Structure -- B: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard MAC Sub-Layer -- B.1: SuperFrame Structure -- B.1.1: Timing Parameters -- B.1.2: InterFrame Spacing -- B.2: IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Frames -- B.2.1: Beacon Frames -- B.2.2: Data Frames -- B.2.3: Acknowledgement Frames -- B.2.4: MAC Command Frames -- B.2.5: Slotted and Unslotted CSMA-CA Algorithm Phases -- B.3: MAC Protocols Taxonomy -- B.3.1: Unscheduled MAC protocols -- B.3.2: Scheduled MAC Protocols -- B.3.3: Hybrid MAC Protocols -- B.3.4: QoS MAC protocols -- B.3.5: Multiple based MAC protocols -- B.4: Comparison of the WSN MAC Protocols -- C: O-QPSK modulation for the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer at 2.4 GHz -- C.1: QPSK Modulation -- C.2: O-QPSK Modulation -- C.3: Minimum Shift Keying.