Sustainable solutions for environmental pollution, Volume 2: air, water, and soil reclamation

Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Natural-Based Solutions for Bioremediation in Water Environment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Basic Principles -- 1.2.1 Bioremediation -- 1.2.2 Self-Purification -- 1.3 Aquatic Bioremediation Structures -- 1.4 Constructed Porous Ramps -- 1.5 Bank Filtration for Water Treatment -- 1.6 Constructed Wetlands (CWs) -- 1.6.1 Water Flow -- 1.6.2 Aquatic Vegetation -- 1.7 Phytoremediation and Constructed Wetlands -- 1.7.1 Phytoremediation Techniques -- 1.7.2 Aquatic Phytobiome -- 1.7.3 Various Aquatic Plants Used -- 1.7.4 Emergent Aquatic Plants -- 1.7.5 Floating Leaved Aquatic Plants -- 1.7.6 Floating Aquatic Plants -- 1.7.7 Submerged Aquatic Plants -- 1.7.8 Mixture of Macrophytes and Microalgae -- 1.8 Phycoremediation -- 1.8.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal -- 1.8.2 Micropollutant Removal -- 1.9 Phytoremediation -- 1.9.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal -- 1.9.2 Metals Removal -- 1.9.3 Organic Micropollutant Removal -- 1.10 Improving Bioremediation Systems -- 1.10.1 Introduction -- 1.10.2 Floating Treatment Constructed Wetlands -- 1.10.3 Electro-Bioremediation -- 1.10.4 Bench Tests -- 1.10.5 Pilot Tests -- 1.10.6 Field Implementations -- 1.10.7 Maintenance of Aquatic Bioremediation Systems -- 1.10.8 Biomass Management -- 1.10.9 Sediment Management -- 1.11 Animal Biodiversity -- 1.11.1 Biodiversity Management -- 1.12 Nuisances -- 1.12.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) -- 1.12.2 Noxious Gases -- 1.12.3 Mosquitoes -- 1.12.4 Burrowing Animals -- 1.12.5 Algal Blooms -- 1.13 Wetland Monitoring -- Large-Scale CWs -- 1.13.2 Vegetation Monitoring -- 1.14 Wetland Modeling -- 1.14.1 Aquatic Plant Development Models -- 1.14.2 Micropollutants Sorption -- 1.14.3 Organic Micropollutant Photolysis -- 1.14.4 Global CW Modeling -- 1.15 Social Acceptance.

1.15.1 Yzeron Watershed Case Study (France) -- 1.15.2 South Africa Case Study -- 1.16 Ecohydrology, an Integrative NBS Implementation -- 1.16.1 Three Nested Logics for Innovative NBS Implementation -- 1.16.2 Ecohydrology on Small Watersheds -- 1.17 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metals From the Environment by Phytoremediation and Microbial Remediation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Linking Heavy Metals Toxicity With Their Discharge and Removal From the Environmental Compartments -- 2.3 Bio-Alternative Approaches Used for Heavy Metals Removal and/or Recovery From the Environment -- 2.3.1 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation -- 2.3.2 Phytoremediation -- 2.4 Interactions of Heavy Metals With Biological Systems and Toxicity Threats -- 2.4.1 Some Expressions of Metal Toxicity in Living Organisms -- 2.4.2 Heavy Metals, Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress -- 2.4.3 Some Effects of Humans' Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity -- 2.4.4 Effects of Plants Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity -- 2.4.5 Effects of Microbes Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity -- 2.5 Synergistic Use of Plants and Bacteria for Cleaning Up the Environment Polluted With Heavy Metals -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Website -- 3 Bioremediation as a Sustainable Solution for Environmental Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Principles of Bioremediation -- 3.3 Bioremediation and Biodegradation -- 3.3.1 Natural Bioremediation Mechanism -- 3.3.2 Traditional Bioremediation Methods -- 3.3.3 Enhanced Bioremediation Treatment -- 3.4 Mechanism of Biodegradation -- 3.4.1 Chemical Reactions -- 3.5 Bioremediation of Land Ecosystems -- 3.5.1 Soil Evaluation -- 3.6 Bioremediation of Water Ecosystems -- 3.6.1 Biodegradation -- 3.6.2 Bioremediation -- 3.7 Challenges and Opportunities -- References.

4 Pollution Protection Using Novel Membrane Catalytic Reactors -- Nomenclatures -- Greek Letters -- Abbreviations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Autothermal Systems -- 4.2.1 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) and Hydrogenation (Hydro) Reactions -- 4.2.2 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) Definition -- 4.2.3 Dehydro Reaction and the Generated Hydrogen Consumption -- 4.2.4 Endothermic (Endo) Dehydro Coupled With Exothermic (Exo) Reactions -- 4.3 The Thermal Coupling and the Autothermal (Auto) Reactors -- 4.3.1 Recuperative Coupling Reactor -- 4.3.2 Regenerative Coupling Reactor -- 4.3.3 Direct Coupling Reactor -- 4.4 The Membrane Reactor -- 4.5 Development Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 4.5.1 Gas-to-Liquid Fuel -- 4.5.2 High-Temperature Fisher-Tropsch (HTFT) Processes -- 4.6 HTFT Reactor Type and Developments -- 4.6.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor -- 4.6.2 Fluidized-Bed Reactor -- 4.6.3 Bubble Column Reactors -- 4.6.4 Dual-Type Membrane Reactor -- 4.7 Membrane Reactors Classification -- 4.8 Rate Expressions -- 4.8.1 Modeling of the Dehydro Process in Membrane Reactor -- 4.9 Industrial Applications -- 4.9.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Gas-Phase Reactions -- 4.9.2 Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions -- 4.9.3 Gas-Solid Reactions -- 4.9.4 Applications in Biotechnology -- 4.10 Catalytic Membrane Reactors Coupling Dehydro of EB to S With Hydro NB to A as a Case Study -- 4.10.1 Introduction -- 4.10.2 Reactor Configuration -- 4.10.3 Reactor Model -- 4.11 Case Study of Use the Membranes in Fischer-Tropsch Reactors -- 4.11.1 Introduction -- 4.11.2 Use of Semi-Permeable Membranes in FTS -- 4.11.3 Water-Selective Semi-Permeable Membranes for Water Removal -- 4.11.4 The Use of Non-Selective Porous Membranes in FTS -- 4.11.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a PCM Membrane Reactor -- 4.12 Biofuel and Sustainability -- 4.13 Conclusions -- References.

5 Removal of Microbial Contaminants From Polluted Water Using Combined Biosand Filters Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Slow Sand Filtration -- 5.2.1 Sand Filters and Removal of Pollutants -- 5.3 Wetlands -- 5.3.1 Natural Wetlands -- 5.3.2 Constructed Wetlands -- 5.4 Combination of Sand Filters With Constructed Wetlands Systems -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Biosurfactants: Promising Biomolecules for Environmental Cleanup -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Biosurfactants Types -- 6.3 Biosurfactants Mechanism of Remediation -- 6.4 Bioremediation of Petro-Hydrocarbon Contaminants -- 6.5 Microbial Enhance Oil Recovery (MEOR) -- 6.5.1 Mechanism of MEOR -- 6.6 Biosurfactants and Agro-Ecosystem Pollutants -- 6.7 Heavy Metals Removal -- 6.8 Biosurfactants for Sustainability -- 6.8.1 Low-Cost Substrates -- 6.9 Production Processes -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 6.11 Future Aspects -- References -- 7 Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: Phytotechnologies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Phytotechnologies and Terminologies -- 7.2.1 Phytoaccumulation/Phytoextraction -- 7.2.2 Rhizofiltration -- 7.2.3 Phytovolatilization -- 7.2.4 Rhizodegradation -- 7.2.5 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation -- 7.2.6 Phytostabilization -- 7.3 Biological Mechanisms -- 7.4 Present Gaps and Prospects -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Microbial Remediation Approaches for PAH Degradation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biogeochemical Properties and Sources of PAH -- 8.3 Fate of PAH -- 8.4 PAH: Soil and Air Pollution -- 8.5 Harmful Effects of PAH -- 8.6 Microbe Assisted Biodegradation -- 8.6.1 Bacterial Assisted PAH Degradation -- 8.6.2 Mechanism -- 8.6.3 Mycoremediation -- 8.6.4 Algae Assisted PAH Degradation -- 8.7 Genes and Enzymes Involved in Microbial Degradation -- 8.8 Factors Affecting Microbial Biodegradation -- 8.9 Bioremediation and Genetic Engineering.

8.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 9 Biomorphic Synthesis of Nanosized Zinc Oxide for Water Purification -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Properties of ZnO NPs -- 9.2.1 Structure and Lattice Parameters of ZnO -- 9.2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 9.2.3 Electronic Properties -- 9.2.4 Optical Properties -- 9.3 Protocol for the Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs -- 9.3.1 Natural Extract-Based ZnO Nanostructure -- 9.3.2 Microorganism-Based ZnO Nanostructures -- 9.3.3 Solvent System-Based "Green" Synthesis -- 9.4 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles -- 9.4.1 pH -- 9.4.2 Temperature -- 9.4.3 Influence of the Reactant -- 9.4.4 Effect of Metabolites -- 9.5 Applications of Biologically Synthesized NPs -- 9.5.1 Antibacterial Effect of ZnO-NPs -- 9.5.2 Photocatalytic Activity -- 9.5.3 ZnO NPs and ROS Production -- 9.6 Mechanism of Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO NPs -- 9.7 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- 10 Pollution Dynamics of Urban Catchments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Environmental Protection for Sustainable Development -- 10.1.2 Sustainability in Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 10.1.3 Sustainability in Organic Solid Waste Management -- 10.2 Sustainability in Domestic Wastewater Treatment -- 10.2.1 Centralized Sanitation and Sustainability -- 10.2.2 Decentralized Sanitation and Sustainability -- 10.2.3 Merits of Centralized Over Decentralized Sanitation -- 10.3 Source Area Pollutant Generation Processes -- 10.3.1 Automotive Activities -- 10.3.2 Atmospheric Depositions -- 10.4 Polluting Activities -- 10.4.1 Industrial -- 10.5 Characterization of Urban Pollutants -- 10.5.1 Air Pollution Measurements Used in Estimating Annual Average Concentrations -- 10.5.2 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks -- 10.6 The Fate and Transport of Urban Pollutants.