Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015 : a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants
Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper ; Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap ; Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England. ; Middlesex Univ, London N17 8HR, England. ; Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. ; WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ; Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ; Tufts Univ, Medford, MA USA. ; Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. ; Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran.;Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran. ; Brandeis Univ, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. ; Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda. ; Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. ; Univ Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.;Univ Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.;Minist Hlth, Mt Fleuri, Seychelles.;Minist Hlth, Mt Fleuri, Seychelles. ; Natl Ctr Cardiovasc Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Natl Ctr Cardiovasc Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Natl Inst Hlth & Nutr, Tokyo, Japan. ; Univ Auckland, Auckland 1, New Zealand. ; Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ; South African Med Res Council, Cape Town, South Africa. ; Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland. ; Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. ; Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. ; Capital Med Univ, Beijing An Zhen Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Robert Koch Inst, Berlin, Germany. ; London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England. ; Univ Zagreb, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. ; Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. ; Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica. ; Al Quds Univ, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Qatar Univ, Doha, Qatar. ; Birzeit Univ, Birzeit, Israel. ; Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ; Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. ; Mahidol Univ, Salaya, Thailand. ; BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ; Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ; Univ Amsterdam, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran. ; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epi, Bremen, Germany. ; Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ; Minist Hlth, Kuwait, Kuwait. ; WHO, Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt. ; Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Strassen, Luxembourg. ; Lille Univ & Hosp, Lille, France. ; Sogn & Fjordane Univ Coll, Forde, Norway. ; Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, Oslo, Norway. ; Bispebjerg Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark.;Frederiksberg Univ Hosp, Frederiksberg, Denmark. ; Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. ; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hosp, Kumasi, Ghana. ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Tunis, Tunisia. ; Univ Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 823, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. ; Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway. ; Minist Hlth Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia. ; Nepal Hlth Res Council, Kathmandu, Nepal. ; Strasbourg Univ & Hosp, Strasbourg, France. ; Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon. ; Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. ; Reg Author Publ Hlth, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. ; Univ Porto, Sch Med, Rua Campo Alegre 823, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. ; Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran. ; Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India. ; King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ; Med Univ Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. ; Univ Autonoma Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. ; Univ Palermo, I-90133 Palermo, Italy. ; Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA. ; Univ Mohammed V Rabat, Rabat, Morocco. ; Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan. ; Univ Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. ; Univ Med Sci, Havana, Cuba. ; Univ Utah, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. ; Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania. ; Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; BJ Med Coll, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India. ; Chirayu Med Coll, Bhopal, India. ; SL Jain Hosp, Delhi, India. ; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. ; Ufa Eye Res Inst, Ufa, Russia. ; Univ Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.;Univ Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland. ; Univ Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. ; Gothenburg Univ, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden. ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands. ; Univ Turin, I-10124 Turin, Italy. ; UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. ; German Inst Human Nutr, Nuthetal, Germany. ; Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay. ; CEMIC, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; Toulouse Univ, Sch Med, Toulouse, France. ; Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. ; Cent Univ Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. ; Univ Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. ; German Canc Res Ctr, Heidelberg, Germany. ; Univ Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. ; Cork Inst Technol, Cork, Ireland. ; Hadassah Hebrew Univ, Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Univ La Laguna, E-38207 San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain. ; Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey. ; Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil. ; Cardiol Mercato S Severino, Mercato San Severino, Italy. ; Karolinska Inst, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Santiago de Compostela Univ, Santiago De Compostela, Spain. ; Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Reggio Di Calabria, Italy. ; India Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. ; Duke NUS Med Sch, Singapore, Singapore. ; Natl Inst Med Stat, Delhi, India. ; Acad Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. ; Capital Inst Pediat, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA. ; Kailuan Gen Hosp, Tangshan, Peoples R China. ; Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. ; Gertner Inst Epidemiol & Hlth Policy Res, Tel Hashomer, Israel. ; Univ Lausanne Hosp, Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Minist Hlth & Welf, Taipei, Taiwan. ; Victor Babes Univ Med & Pharm Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania. ; Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Seoul 151, South Korea. ; Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cheongju, South Korea. ; Med Univ Silesia, Silesia, Poland. ; Charles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. ; Katholieke Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ; Agcy Prevent & Social Med, Bregenz, Austria. ; Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. ; IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy. ; Inst Pasteur, Lille, France. ; Westmead Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ; CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain. ; CNR, Rome, Italy. ; Univ Fed Santa Catarina, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. ; Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Maputo, Mozambique. ; Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark. ; Lille Univ & Hosp, Lille, France.;Univ Lausanne Hosp, Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA.;Karolinska Inst, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden.;Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.;Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, Belgium.;Amrita Inst Med Sci, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.;Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Lara, Venezuela.;St Vincents Hosp, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. ; Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. ; French Publ Hlth Agcy, St Maurice, France. ; Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. ; Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. ; Natl Council Sci & Tech Res, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; Natl Inst Nutr, Hanoi, Vietnam. ; Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. ; Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy. ; Univ Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador. ; Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Oberschleissheim, Germany. ; Minist Sante & Lutte Sida, Abidjan Plateau, Cote Ivoire. ; Cardinal Wyszynski Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland. ; Univ Latvia, Riga, Latvia. ; Med Univ Lodz, Lodz, Poland. ; Natl Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Tunis, Tunisia. ; Inst Hosp Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Stellenbosch, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa. ; Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey. ; Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. ; Univ Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran. ; Ctr Salud Villanueva Norte, Villanueva De La Serena, Spain. ; Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. ; Hosp Don Benito Villanueva Serena, Badajoz, Spain. ; Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; Council Agr Res & Econ, Arezzo, Italy. ; Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile. ; Univ Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. ; Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. ; Univ Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia. ; Umea Univ, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. ; Dalarna Univ, Falun, Sweden. ; Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Hosp Univ Son Espases, Palma De Mallorca, Spain. ; Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ; Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ; Kindai Univ, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan. ; Kyoto Univ, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. ; Med Univ Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. ; Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. ; Univ Hosp Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. ; CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain. ; Australian Bur Stat, Belconnen, ACT, Australia. ; Murcia Reg Hlth Council, Murcia, Spain. ; Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands. ; Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands.;Endocrinol & Metab Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. ; BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal. ; Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy. ; Minist Hlth, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Andes Clin Cardiometab Studies, Timotes, Venezuela. ; Univ Lille 2, F-59800 Lille, France. ; Inst Clin & Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic. ; Childrens Mem Hlth Inst, Warsaw, Poland. ; Jagiellonian Univ, Coll Med, PL-31007 Krakow, Poland. ; Univ Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia. ; Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore. ; Univ Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; Univ Icesi, Cali, Colombia. ; Univ Estadual Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil. ; Kings Coll London, London WC2R 2LS, England. ; Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland. ; Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India. ; Univ Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. ; Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; Danish Canc Soc, Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Univ West Indies, Wanstead, Barbados. ; Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. ; Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. ; Acad Med Ctr Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. ; Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland. ; Chron Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. ; Chinese Univ Hong Kong, ```, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. ; Univ Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. ; Celal Bayar Univ, Manisa, Turkey. ; Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Floridablanca, Santander, Spain. ; Univ Oran 1, Oran, Algeria. ; Univ Publ Hlth, Yangon, Myanmar. ; Minist Hlth, Naypyitaw, Myanmar. ; Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France. ; Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. ; Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt. ; Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan. ; UHC Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. ; Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan. ; Hadassah Univ, Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway. ; Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. ; Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. ; Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany. ; WHO, Country Off, New Delhi, India. ; Univ Ljubljana, Ljubljana 61000, Slovenia. ; Univ Crete, Iraklion, Greece. ; Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia. ; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. ; Univ Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland. ; Natl Inst Epidemiol, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. ; Univ Munster, Munster, Germany. ; Israel Ctr Dis Control, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Res Inst Primordial Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Esfahan, Iran. ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Res Inst Child Nutr, Dortmund, Germany. ; Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul 151, South Korea. ; Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. ; Med Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. ; Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. ; Natl Canc Ctr, Goyang Si, South Korea. ; Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia. ; Polish Acad Sci, Anthropol Unit, Warsaw, Poland. ; Univ Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands. ; North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa. ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. ; Univ Jyvaskyla, SF-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland. ; Amrita Inst Med Sci, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. ; All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India. ; African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya. ; Minist Salud Publ, Havana, Cuba. ; Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden. ; Endocrinol & Metab Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. ; Food & Agr Org, Rome, Italy. ; Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. ; Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland. ; Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia. ; Univ Cape Town, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. ; W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. ; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.;Univ Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. ; Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan. ; Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Univ Med Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. ; Consejeria Sanidad Junta de Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain. ; Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. ; Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan. ; Baker IDI Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ; Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Inst Internal & Prevent Med, Novosibirsk, Russia. ; Harokopio Univ, Kallithea, Greece. ; Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. ; Univ Padua, I-35100 Padua, Italy. ; Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland.;Inst Hosp Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain. ; Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. ; UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway. ; Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Cape Town, South Africa. ; Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama. ; Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. ; Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. ; Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Penang Med Coll, George Town, Malaysia. ; INSERM, F-75654 Paris 13, France. ; Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt. ; Hypertens Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran. ; Minist Hlth Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia.;Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.;Minist Hlth, Putrajaya, Malaysia. ; Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. ; Univ Limpopo, Polokwane, South Korea. ; Univ Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. ; RCSI Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland. ; Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Ahwaz, Iran. ; Univ Brescia, I-25121 Brescia, Italy. ; Univ Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. ; Inst Publ Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. ; Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. ; Univ Pharm & Med Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ; Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Lara, Venezuela. ; Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan. ; Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan. ; Aarhus Univ, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ; Kwame Nkrumah Univ Sci & Technol, Kumasi, Ghana. ; Inst Social & Prevent Med, Bern, Switzerland. ; Univ Coimbra, P-3000 Coimbra, Portugal. ; Canc Prevent & Res Inst, Genoa, Italy. ; Univ Bari, I-70121 Bari, Italy. ; Zayed Univ, Dubai, U Arab Emirates. ; Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. ; Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Inst Heart, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Natl Inst Hyg Epidemiol & Microbiol, Havana, Cuba. ; Fed Minist Hlth, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg. ; Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr Udine, Udine, Italy. ; Univ New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. ; Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Split, Split, Croatia. ; Alborz Univ Med Sci, Karaj, Iran. ; Turku Univ Hosp, Turku, Finland. ; Univ Malaya, Julius Ctr, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Univ Valencia, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. ; Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ; Hlth Ctr San Agustin, Gran Canaria, Spain. ; PharmAccess Fdn, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Spain. ; Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. ; Univ Madeira, Funchal, Portugal. ; Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, Delhi, India. ; Marmara Univ, Istanbul, Turkey. ; Univ Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. ; Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru. ; Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. ; Univ Sao Paulo, Clin Hosp, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; S Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, Lappeenranta, Finland. ; Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran. ; Res & Educ Inst Child Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus. ; Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; South African Med Res Council, Cape Town, South Africa.;North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa. ; Lagos State Univ, Coll Med, Lagos, Nigeria. ; Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. ; Univ Tokyo, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. ; St Vincents Hosp, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. ; Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. ; Univ Copenhagen, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Inst Reg Sante Publ, Ouidah, Benin. ; Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. ; Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ; Heart Fdn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ; Univ Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ; Sotiria Hosp, Athens, Greece. ; Natl Inst Publ Health, Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland. ; Fu Jen Catholic Univ, New Taipei, Taiwan. ; Univ Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. ; Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania.;Karolinska Inst, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan. ; IB SALUT Area Salut Menorca, Palma De Mallorca, Spain. ; Inst Rech Dev, Marseille, France. ; Hellen Hlth Fdn, Athens, Greece. ; Govt Med Coll, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. ; Sefako Makgatho Hlth Sci Univ, Pretoria, South Africa. ; Minist Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand. ; Univ Tampere, Tays Eye Ctr, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland. ; Ctr Prevenz Cardiovasc Udine, Udine, Italy. ; Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ; Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland. ; Univ Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain. ; Minist Hlth, Mt Fleuri, Seychelles. ; Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Witwatersrand, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. ; Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. ; Univ Coll Cork, Cork, Ireland. ; Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Xinjiang Med Univ, Urumqi, Peoples R China. ; Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; St Georges Univ London, London, England. ; Med Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ; Univ Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia. ; Minist Agr, Inst Food & Nutr Dev, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Fudan Univ, Childrens Hosp, Shanghai, Peoples R China. ; Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Univ Cyprus, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. ; Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA.;Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Inner Mongolia Med Univ, Hohhot, Peoples R China., 2017
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Zugriff:
Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19.1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127.0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125.7-128.3) in men and 122.3 mm Hg (121.0-123.6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.7 mm Hg (77.9-79.5) for men and 76.7 mm Hg (75.9-77.6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24.1% (21.4-27.1) in men and 20.1% (17.8-22.5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and ...
| Titel: |
Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015 : a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants
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| Autor/in / Beteiligte Person: | Zhou, Bin ; Bentham, James ; Di Cesare, Mariachiara ; Bixby, Honor ; Danaei, Goodarz ; Cowan, Melanie J. ; Paciorek, Christopher J. ; Singh, Gitanjali ; Hajifathalian, Kaveh ; Bennett, James E. ; Taddei, Cristina ; Bilano, Ver ; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. ; Djalalinia, Shirin ; Khatibzadeh, Shahab ; Lugero, Charles ; Peykari, Niloofar ; Zhang, Wan Zhu ; Lu, Yuan ; Stevens, Gretchen A. ; Riley, Leanne M. ; Bovet, Pascal ; Elliott, Paul ; Gu, Dongfeng ; Ikeda, Nayu ; Jackson, Rod T. ; Joffres, Michel ; Kengne, Andre Pascal ; Laatikainen, Tiina ; Lam, Tai Hing ; Laxmaiah, Avula ; Liu, Jing ; Miranda, J. Jaime ; Mondo, Charles K. ; Neuhauser, Hannelore K. ; Sundström, Johan ; Smeeth, Liam ; Soric, Maroje ; Woodward, Mark ; Ezzati, Majid ; Abarca-Gomez, Leandra ; Abdeen, Ziad A. ; Rahim, Hanan Abdul ; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. ; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin ; Adams, Robert ; Aekplakorn, Wichai ; Afsana, Kaosar ; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A. ; Agyemang, Charles ; Ahmadvand, Alireza ; Ahrens, Wolfgang ; Al Raddadi, Rajaa ; Al Woyatan, Rihab ; Ali, Mohamed M. ; Alkerwi, Ala'a ; Aly, Eman ; Amouyel, Philippe ; Amuzu, Antoinette ; Andersen, Lars Bo ; Anderssen, Sigmund A. ; Angquist, Lars ; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan ; Ansong, Daniel ; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer ; Araujo, Joana ; Ariansen, Inger ; Aris, Tahir ; Arlappa, Nimmathota ; Aryal, Krishna ; Arveiler, Dominique ; Assah, Felix K. ; Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F. ; Avdicova, Maria ; Azevedo, Ana ; Azizi, Fereidoun ; Babu, Bontha V. ; Bahijri, Suhad ; Balakrishna, Nagalla ; Bandosz, Piotr ; Banegas, Jose R. ; Barbagallo, Carlo M. ; Barcelo, Alberto ; Barkat, Amina ; Barros, Aluisio J. D. ; Barros, Mauro V. ; Bata, Iqbal ; Batieha, Anwar M. ; Baur, Louise A. ; Beaglehole, Robert ; Ben Romdhane, Habiba ; Benet, Mikhail ; Benson, Lowell S. ; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio ; Bernotiene, Gailute ; Bettiol, Heloisa ; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor ; Bharadwaj, Sumit ; Bhargava, Santosh K. ; Bi, Yufang ; Bikbov, Mukharram ; Bjerregaard, Peter ; Bjertness, Espen ; Bjokelund, Cecilia ; Blokstra, Anneke ; Bo, Simona ; Bobak, Martin ; Boeing, Heiner ; Boggia, Jose G. ; Boissonnet, Carlos P. ; Bongard, Vanina ; Braeckman, Lutgart ; Brajkovich, Imperia ; Branca, Francesco ; Breckenkamp, Juergen ; Brenner, Hermann ; Brewster, Lizzy M. ; Bruno, Graziella ; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B. (as) ; Bugge, Anna ; Burns, Con ; Bursztyn, Michael ; de Leon, Antonio Cabrera ; Cameron, Christine ; Can, Gunay ; Candido, Ana Paula C. ; Capuano, Vincenzo ; Cardoso, Viviane C. ; Carlsson, Axel C. ; Carvalho, Maria J. ; Casanueva, Felipe F. ; Casas, Juan-Pablo ; Caserta, Carmelo A. ; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha ; Chan, Angelique W. ; Chan, Queenie ; Chaturvedi, Himanshu K. ; Chaturvedi, Nishi ; Chen, Chien-Jen ; Chen, Fangfang ; Chen, Huashuai ; Chen, Shuohua ; Chen, Zhengming ; Cheng, Ching-Yu ; Dekkaki, Imane Cherkaoui ; Chetrit, Angela ; Chiolero, Arnaud ; Chiou, Shu-Ti ; Chirita-Emandi, Adela ; Cho, Belong ; Cho, Yumi ; Chudek, Jerzy ; Cifkova, Renata ; Claessens, Frank ; Clays, Els ; Concin, Hans ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Cooper, Rachel ; Coppinger, Tara C. ; Costanzo, Simona ; Cottel, Dominique ; Cowell, Chris ; Craig, Cora L. ; Crujeiras, Ana B. ; Cruz, Juan J. ; D'Arrigo, Graziella ; d'Orsi, Eleonora ; Dallongeville, Jean ; Damasceno, Albertino ; Dankner, Rachel ; Dantoft, Thomas M. ; Dauchet, Luc ; De Backer, Guy ; de Gaetano, Giovanni ; De Henauw, Stefaan ; De Smedt, Delphine ; Deepa, Mohan ; Dehghan, Abbas ; Delisle, Helene ; Deschamps, Valerie ; Dhana, Klodian ; Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F. ; Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares ; Diaz, Alejandro ; Dickerson, Ty T. ; Do, Ha T. P. ; Dobson, Annette J. ; Donfrancesco, Chiara ; Donoso, Silvana P. ; Doering, Angela ; Doua, Kouamelan ; Drygas, Wojciech ; Dulskiene, Virginija ; Dzakula, Aleksandar ; Dzerve, Vilnis ; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta ; Eggertsen, Robert ; Ekelund, Ulf ; El Ati, Jalila ; Ellert, Ute ; Elosua, Roberto ; Erasmus, Rajiv T. ; Erem, Cihangir ; Eriksen, Louise ; Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge ; Evans, Alun ; Faeh, David ; Fall, Caroline H. ; Farzadfar, Farshad ; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J. ; Ferguson, Trevor S. ; Fernandez-Berges, Daniel ; Ferrante, Daniel ; Ferrari, Marika ; Ferreccio, Catterina ; Ferrieres, Jean ; Finn, Joseph D. ; Fischer, Krista ; Foeger, Bernhard ; Foo, Leng Huat ; Forslund, Ann-Sofie ; Forsner, Maria ; Fortmann, Stephen P. ; Fouad, Heba M. ; Francis, Damian K. ; Franco, Maria do Carmo ; Franco, Oscar H. ; Frontera, Guillermo ; Fuchs, Flavio D. ; Fuchs, Sandra C. ; Fujita, Yuki ; Furusawa, Takuro ; Gaciong, Zbigniew ; Gareta, Dickman ; Garnett, Sarah P. ; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel ; Gasull, Magda ; Gates, Louise ; Gavrila, Diana ; Geleijnse, Johanna M. ; Ghasemian, Anoosheh ; Ghimire, Anup ; Giampaoli, Simona ; Gianfagna, Francesco ; Giovannelli, Jonathan ; Goldsmith, Rebecca A. ; Goncalves, Helen ; Gonzalez Gross, Marcela ; Gonzalez Rivas, Juan P. ; Gottrand, Frederic ; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel ; Grafnetter, Dusan ; Grajda, Aneta ; Gregor, Ronald D. ; Grodzicki, Tomasz ; Grontved, Anders ; Gruden, Grabriella ; Grujic, Vera ; Guan, Ong Peng ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Guerrero, Ramiro ; Guessous, Idris ; Guimaraes, Andre L. ; Gulliford, Martin C. ; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna ; Gunter, Marc ; Gupta, Prakash C. ; Gureje, Oye ; Gurzkowska, Beata ; Gutierrez, Laura ; Gutzwiller, Felix ; Hadaegh, Farzad ; Halkjaer, Jytte ; Hambleton, Ian R. ; Hardy, Rebecca ; Harikumar, Rachakulla ; Hata, Jun ; Hayes, Alison J. ; He, Jiang ; Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth ; Henriques, Ana ; Hernandez Cadena, Leticia ; Herqutanto ; Herrala, Sauli ; Heshmat, Ramin ; Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani ; Ho, Sai Yin ; Ho, Suzanne C. ; Hobbs, Michael ; Hofman, Albert ; Dinc, Gonul Horasan ; Hormiga, Claudia M. ; Horta, Bernardo L. ; Houti, Leila ; Howitt, Christina ; Htay, Thein Thein ; Htet, Aung Soe ; Hu, Yonghua ; Maria Huerta, Jose ; Husseini, Abdullatif S. ; Huybrechts, Inge ; Hwalla, Nahla ; Iacoviello, Licia ; Iannone, Anna G. ; Ibrahim, M. 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G. ; Kersting, Mathilde ; Key, Timothy ; Khader, Yousef Saleh ; Khalili, Davood ; Khang, Young-Ho ; Khaw, Kay-Tee ; Kiechl, Stefan ; Killewo, Japhet ; Kim, Jeongseon ; Klumbiene, Jurate ; Kolle, Elin ; Kolsteren, Patrick ; Korrovits, Paul ; Koskinen, Seppo ; Kouda, Katsuyasu ; Koziel, Slawomir ; Kristensen, Peter Lund ; Krokstad, Steinar ; Kromhout, Daan ; Kruger, Herculina S. ; Kubinova, Ruzena ; Kuciene, Renata ; Kuh, Diana ; Kujala, Urho M. ; Kula, Krzysztof ; Kulaga, Zbigniew ; Kumar, R. Krishna ; Kurjata, Pawel ; Kusuma, Yadlapalli S. ; Kuulasmaa, Kari ; Kyobutungi, Catherine ; Lachat, Carl ; Landrove, Orlando ; Lanska, Vera ; Lappas, Georg ; Larijani, Bagher ; Laugsand, Lars E. ; Bao, Khanh Le Nguyen ; Le, Tuyen D. ; Leclercq, Catherine ; Lee, Jeannette ; Lee, Jeonghee ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Lekhraj, Rampal ; Leon-Munoz, Luz M. ; Levitt, Naomi S. ; Li, Yanping ; Lilly, Christa L. ; Lim, Wei-Yen ; Fernanda Lima-Costa, M. ; Lin, Hsien-Ho ; Lin, Xu ; Linneberg, Allan ; Lissner, Lauren ; Litwin, Mieczyslaw ; Lorbeer, Roberto ; Lotufo, Paulo A. ; Eugenio Lozano, Jose ; Luksiene, Dalia ; Lundqvist, Annamari ; Lunet, Nuno ; Lytsy, Per ; Ma, Guansheng ; Ma, Jun ; Machado-Coelho, George L. 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A. ; Jerome, Charles Sossa ; Soumare, Aicha ; Staessen, Jan A. ; Starc, Gregor ; Stathopoulou, Maria G. ; Stavreski, Bill ; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein ; Stehle, Peter ; Stein, Aryeh D. ; Stergiou, George S. ; Stessman, Jochanan ; Stieber, Jutta ; Stoeckl, Doris ; Stocks, Tanja ; Stokwiszewski, Jakub ; Stronks, Karien ; Strufaldi, Maria Wany ; Sun, Chien-An ; Sung, Yn-Tz ; Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul ; Sy, Rody G. ; Tai, E. Shyong ; Tammesoo, Mari-Liis ; Tamosiunas, Abdonas ; Tang, Line ; Tang, Xun ; Tanser, Frank ; Tao, Yong ; Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul ; Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B. ; Taylor, Anne ; Theobald, Holger ; Thijs, Lutgarde ; Thuesen, Betina H. ; Tjonneland, Anne ; Tolonen, Hanna K. ; Topbas, Murat ; Topor-Madry, Roman ; Jose Tormo, Maria ; Torrent, Maties ; Traissac, Pierre ; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios ; Trichopoulou, Antonia ; Trinh, Oanh T. H. ; Trivedi, Atul ; Tshepo, Lechaba ; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K. ; Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka ; Turley, Maria L. ; Tynelius, Per ; Tzourio, Christophe ; Ueda, Peter ; Ugel, Eunice ; Ulmer, Hanno ; Uusitalo, Hannu M. T. ; Valdivia, Gonzalo ; Valvi, Damaskini ; van der Schouw, Yvonne T. ; Van Herck, Koen ; van Rossem, Lenie ; van Valkengoed, Irene G. M. ; Vanderschueren, Dirk ; Vanuzzo, Diego ; Vatten, Lars ; Vega, Tomas ; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo ; Veronesi, Giovanni ; Verschuren, W. M. Monique ; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn ; Victora, Cesar G. ; Viet, Lucie ; Viikari-Juntura, Eira ; Vineis, Paolo ; Vioque, Jesus ; Virtanen, Jyrki K. ; Visvikis-Siest, Sophie ; Viswanathan, Bharathi ; Vollenweider, Peter ; Vrdoljak, Ana ; Vrijheid, Martine ; Wade, Alisha N. ; Wagner, Aline ; Walton, Janette ; Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan ; Wang, Ming-Dong ; Wang, Qian ; Wang, Ya Xing ; Wannamethee, S. Goya ; Wareham, Nicholas ; Wederkopp, Niels ; Weerasekera, Deepa ; Whincup, Peter H. ; Widhalm, Kurt ; Widyahening, Indah S. ; Wiecek, Andrzej ; Wijga, Alet H. ; Wilks, Rainford J. ; Willeit, Peter ; Williams, Emmanuel A. ; Wilsgaard, Tom ; Wojtyniak, Bogdan ; Wong, Tien Yin ; Wong-McClure, Roy A. ; Woo, Jean ; Wu, Aleksander Giwercman ; Wu, Frederick C. ; Wu, Shou Ling ; Xu, Haiquan ; Yan, Weili ; Yang, Xiaoguang ; Ye, Xingwang ; Yiallouros, Panayiotis K. ; Yoshihara, Akihiro ; Younger-Coleman, Novie O. ; Yusoff, Ahmad F. ; Zambon, Sabina ; Zdrojewski, Tomasz ; Zeng, Yi ; Zhao, Dong ; Zhao, Wenhua ; Zheng, Yingffeng ; Zhu, Dan ; Zimmermann, Esther ; Zuniga Cisneros, Julio |
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Univ Latvia, Riga, Latvia. ; Med Univ Lodz, Lodz, Poland. ; Natl Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Tunis, Tunisia. ; Inst Hosp Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Stellenbosch, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa. ; Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey. ; Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. ; Univ Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran. ; Ctr Salud Villanueva Norte, Villanueva De La Serena, Spain. ; Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. ; Hosp Don Benito Villanueva Serena, Badajoz, Spain. ; Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; Council Agr Res & Econ, Arezzo, Italy. ; Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile. ; Univ Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. ; Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. ; Univ Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia. ; Umea Univ, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. ; Dalarna Univ, Falun, Sweden. ; Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Hosp Univ Son Espases, Palma De Mallorca, Spain. ; Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ; Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ; Kindai Univ, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan. ; Kyoto Univ, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. ; Med Univ Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. ; Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. ; Univ Hosp Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. ; CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain. ; Australian Bur Stat, Belconnen, ACT, Australia. ; Murcia Reg Hlth Council, Murcia, Spain. ; Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands. ; Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands.;Endocrinol & Metab Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. ; BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal. ; Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy. ; Minist Hlth, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Andes Clin Cardiometab Studies, Timotes, Venezuela. ; Univ Lille 2, F-59800 Lille, France. ; Inst Clin & Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic. ; Childrens Mem Hlth Inst, Warsaw, Poland. ; Jagiellonian Univ, Coll Med, PL-31007 Krakow, Poland. ; Univ Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia. ; Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore. ; Univ Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; Univ Icesi, Cali, Colombia. ; Univ Estadual Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil. ; Kings Coll London, London WC2R 2LS, England. ; Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland. ; Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India. ; Univ Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. ; Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; Danish Canc Soc, Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Univ West Indies, Wanstead, Barbados. ; Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. ; Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. ; Acad Med Ctr Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. ; Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland. ; Chron Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. ; Chinese Univ Hong Kong, ```, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. ; Univ Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. ; Celal Bayar Univ, Manisa, Turkey. ; Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Floridablanca, Santander, Spain. ; Univ Oran 1, Oran, Algeria. ; Univ Publ Hlth, Yangon, Myanmar. ; Minist Hlth, Naypyitaw, Myanmar. ; Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France. ; Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. ; Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt. ; Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan. ; UHC Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. ; Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan. ; Hadassah Univ, Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway. ; Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. ; Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. ; Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany. ; WHO, Country Off, New Delhi, India. ; Univ Ljubljana, Ljubljana 61000, Slovenia. ; Univ Crete, Iraklion, Greece. ; Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia. ; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. ; Univ Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland. ; Natl Inst Epidemiol, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. ; Univ Munster, Munster, Germany. ; Israel Ctr Dis Control, Jerusalem, Israel. ; Res Inst Primordial Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Esfahan, Iran. ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Res Inst Child Nutr, Dortmund, Germany. ; Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul 151, South Korea. ; Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. ; Med Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. ; Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. ; Natl Canc Ctr, Goyang Si, South Korea. ; Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia. ; Polish Acad Sci, Anthropol Unit, Warsaw, Poland. ; Univ Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands. ; North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa. ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. ; Univ Jyvaskyla, SF-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland. ; Amrita Inst Med Sci, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. ; All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India. ; African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya. ; Minist Salud Publ, Havana, Cuba. ; Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden. ; Endocrinol & Metab Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. ; Food & Agr Org, Rome, Italy. ; Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. ; Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland. ; Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia. ; Univ Cape Town, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. ; W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. ; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.;Univ Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. ; Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan. ; Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Univ Med Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. ; Consejeria Sanidad Junta de Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain. ; Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. ; Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan. ; Baker IDI Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ; Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Inst Internal & Prevent Med, Novosibirsk, Russia. ; Harokopio Univ, Kallithea, Greece. ; Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. ; Univ Padua, I-35100 Padua, Italy. ; Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland.;Inst Hosp Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain. ; Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. ; UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway. ; Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Cape Town, South Africa. ; Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama. ; Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. ; Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. ; Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Penang Med Coll, George Town, Malaysia. ; INSERM, F-75654 Paris 13, France. ; Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt. ; Hypertens Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran. ; Minist Hlth Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia.;Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.;Minist Hlth, Putrajaya, Malaysia. ; Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. ; Univ Limpopo, Polokwane, South Korea. ; Univ Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. ; RCSI Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland. ; Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Ahwaz, Iran. ; Univ Brescia, I-25121 Brescia, Italy. ; Univ Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. ; Inst Publ Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. ; Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. ; Univ Pharm & Med Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ; Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Lara, Venezuela. ; Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan. ; Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan. ; Aarhus Univ, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ; Kwame Nkrumah Univ Sci & Technol, Kumasi, Ghana. ; Inst Social & Prevent Med, Bern, Switzerland. ; Univ Coimbra, P-3000 Coimbra, Portugal. ; Canc Prevent & Res Inst, Genoa, Italy. ; Univ Bari, I-70121 Bari, Italy. ; Zayed Univ, Dubai, U Arab Emirates. ; Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. ; Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Inst Heart, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; Natl Inst Hyg Epidemiol & Microbiol, Havana, Cuba. ; Fed Minist Hlth, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg. ; Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr Udine, Udine, Italy. ; Univ New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. ; Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Split, Split, Croatia. ; Alborz Univ Med Sci, Karaj, Iran. ; Turku Univ Hosp, Turku, Finland. ; Univ Malaya, Julius Ctr, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Univ Valencia, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. ; Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ; Hlth Ctr San Agustin, Gran Canaria, Spain. ; PharmAccess Fdn, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Spain. ; Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. ; Univ Madeira, Funchal, Portugal. ; Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, Delhi, India. ; Marmara Univ, Istanbul, Turkey. ; Univ Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. ; Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru. ; Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. ; Univ Sao Paulo, Clin Hosp, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; S Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, Lappeenranta, Finland. ; Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran. ; Res & Educ Inst Child Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus. ; Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ; South African Med Res Council, Cape Town, South Africa.;North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa. ; Lagos State Univ, Coll Med, Lagos, Nigeria. ; Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. ; Univ Tokyo, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. ; St Vincents Hosp, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. ; Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. ; Univ Copenhagen, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Inst Reg Sante Publ, Ouidah, Benin. ; Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. ; Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ; Heart Fdn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ; Univ Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ; Sotiria Hosp, Athens, Greece. ; Natl Inst Publ Health, Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland. ; Fu Jen Catholic Univ, New Taipei, Taiwan. ; Univ Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. ; Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania.;Karolinska Inst, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan. ; IB SALUT Area Salut Menorca, Palma De Mallorca, Spain. ; Inst Rech Dev, Marseille, France. ; Hellen Hlth Fdn, Athens, Greece. ; Govt Med Coll, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. ; Sefako Makgatho Hlth Sci Univ, Pretoria, South Africa. ; Minist Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand. ; Univ Tampere, Tays Eye Ctr, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland. ; Ctr Prevenz Cardiovasc Udine, Udine, Italy. ; Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ; Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland. ; Univ Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain. ; Minist Hlth, Mt Fleuri, Seychelles. ; Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain. ; Univ Witwatersrand, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. ; Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. ; Univ Coll Cork, Cork, Ireland. ; Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Xinjiang Med Univ, Urumqi, Peoples R China. ; Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; St Georges Univ London, London, England. ; Med Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ; Univ Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia. ; Minist Agr, Inst Food & Nutr Dev, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Fudan Univ, Childrens Hosp, Shanghai, Peoples R China. ; Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Univ Cyprus, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. ; Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA.;Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China. ; Inner Mongolia Med Univ, Hohhot, Peoples R China., 2017 |
| Medientyp: | academicJournal |
| DOI: | 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5 |
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